There are many stubbles for cucumber cultivation, which are simply divided into spring greenhouses, spring open fields, summer and autumn open fields, autumn greenhouses, autumn and winter greenhouses, winter greenhouses, winter and spring greenhouses, etc. The specific sowing and planting time depends on the local climatic conditions and protection facilities. In areas without frost, cucumbers can be cultivated all year round. For example, in Guangdong, 4 to 5 crops can be planted a year. The cucumbers are sown from September to January of the following year.
Open spring cucumbers are generally planted or broadcast live after the frost is broken, and the ground temperature is stabilized above 12 °C. In North China, seedlings are sown in mid-to-late March, and planted in late April; in South China, seedlings can be bred or broadcast live from late December to March, in Central China from late February to early March; Northeast China from early April to April Sow in late month. Summer and autumn open fields can be sown from May to August.
Spring greenhouses can be planted in late February to early April depending on the mulch. Thatch covered in greenhouses in Shouguang, Cangshan and other places in Shandong can be planted in January. Autumn greenhouses are mostly broadcast live in mid-to-late July or early August. Autumn and winter stubble solar greenhouses are generally sown in August, planted in early and mid-September, and ended in mid-January.
The solar greenhouse for winter and spring crops generally starts from mid-November to January of the next year, and ends in late spring and early summer. The overwintering stubble is generally sown in early and mid-October, and the seedlings are pulled from May to June of the following year. The growth period of this crop of cucumbers spans the three seasons of autumn, winter and spring, and grafting is often used to raise seedlings.
In terms of cultivation, corresponding management measures such as temperature, light, water and fertilizer should be taken according to different seasons and different stubble. According to the characteristics of cucumber growth, the overall cultivation points are as follows:
1. Plant seeds at the right time and cultivate strong seedlings
According to the cultivation season of cucumbers in the region, the seedlings should be bred at the right time. First, soak the seeds for germination, that is, soak them in warm water at about 55°C for 10 to 20 minutes. During this process, keep stirring, and then cool down to 28~30°C for 5~6 hours of seed soaking, and then germinate at 28°C. Generally, it can be finished in 15 hours. . Before seed soaking, seeds can also be soaked in 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, 40% formalin 150-fold dilution, etc. for seed disinfection. Sow the sprouted seeds in seedling pots (or nutrient clods, paper bags, etc.) filled with nutrient soil and watered, one seed per pot. Then cover about 1cm of nutrient soil, be careful not to let the seeds "unearth with caps". Before sowing, it is best to fumigate the nursery environment with sulfur or chlorothalonil aerosol, and do not water the seedlings before they emerge.
The temperature management in the seedling stage is controlled at about 26 °C during the day and 13~15 °C at night, and a certain low temperature stimulation is given to facilitate the differentiation of female flowers and prevent leggy growth. When using overwintering solar greenhouse cultivation, the method of grafting and changing roots with black seed pumpkin is generally used to prevent the occurrence of fusarium wilt, improve stress resistance and increase yield. 7 to 10 days before the planting of cucumber seedlings, the nursery borders should increase the air volume to refine the seedlings, so that they can adapt to the field environment after the planting. Summer cucumber seedlings should take measures such as shading to create growth conditions with low night temperature and short days. For the cultivation of cucumbers in autumn open fields and autumn greenhouses, in order to promote the differentiation of female flowers, 100 mg/kg ethylene glycol can be sprayed on the leaves 2 to 4 times during the seedling stage (1 to 5 leaf stage). Female breeds do not need to be treated.
2. Colonization
The root system of cucumber is shallow and the absorption capacity is weak, but it grows fast and produces many fruits. Therefore, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied to the planting field. Generally, about 5000kg of well-decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per mu (the long-season cultivation of overwintering stubble and winter-spring stubble can be increased to 10000kg). ), about 50kg of NPK compound fertilizer. Moderate deep ploughing of the soil, soil preparation for furrows. When using greenhouse cultivation, use high ridge colonization and cover with plastic film to increase ground temperature and reduce air humidity. And before planting, fumigation treatment is carried out to kill pests and pathogenic bacteria. According to the characteristics of the cultivated varieties, it is reasonable to plant closely, and the general plant-row spacing is about 20~30cm and 60~66cm respectively. For varieties with strong growth potential, many lateral branches and large leaves, it is not suitable for close planting. After planting, cultivating properly 2~3 times to cultivate strong root system.
3. field management
(1) Fertilizer and water management and cultivating: According to the characteristics of cucumbers in different growth stages, different fertilization, irrigation and cultivating measures should be taken in time to adjust the promotion and control, so that the vegetative growth and reproductive growth can develop in a balanced manner, and the growth period can be extended to obtain better results. high yield.
Planting to the slow seedling stage (new leaves grow at the growth point), and cultivating in time. After slowing the seedlings, determine whether to water according to the soil moisture, water when the soil is dry, and not water when the soil is wet. At this time, the root melon is new and has not yet sat down. In order to prevent the stems and leaves from growing too long and causing the melon to melt, it is necessary to control the water and fertilizer, and strengthen the cultivating until the root melon is stable enough to fall. Root melons should be harvested in time. But female varieties should shorten the slow seedling period and try not to control water.
The result period is mainly to promote, in principle, first lightly, then big, and then small. Specifically, during the growth period of the root melon, the growth of plants and the number of melons are not much, and the amount of watering should not be too large, and the ground can be kept dry and wet; during the growth period of the waist melon, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth are at their peak. At this stage, the amount of fertilizer and water required increases greatly, and a large amount of topdressing and watering is necessary. Topdressing should be applied several times, with a small amount, and pay attention to the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The nutrition is balanced, and topdressing can be carried out along the water; the top melon growth period, because the fruiting period has passed, the plants begin to enter the senescence stage, and the water demand will inevitably decrease. Foliar spraying can be used to delay stem and leaf senescence, prolong the fruiting period and increase yield. When cultivating in the greenhouse, the watering adopts dark irrigation under the film to avoid flood irrigation. Reduce watering in winter, do not water in rainy days, so as not to cause a significant drop in temperature. After the temperature rises in spring, water and fertilize in time to increase yield.
(2) Plant adjustment: cucumbers should be adjusted in time, such as scaffolding, pruning, tying vines, picking leaves, and falling vines, so as to facilitate the progress of photosynthesis and the reasonable distribution of photosynthetic products. Specifically, the bracket can not only fix and protect the seedlings, but also improve the utilization rate of light energy. By tying the vines, it can play a role in promoting and suppressing the cucumber. For the plants with strong melon seedlings, tie them tightly or adopt the method of tying the vines to suppress leggy growth; for the plants with weak growth vigor, they should be looser to promote their growth. . For varieties with more lateral branches, all the lateral branches below the 5th node are destroyed. For the varieties that are mainly based on the main vine, the side branches can be left in the early and middle stages of plant growth, and the upper side branches can be seen after the melon and leave two leaves for topping. All the melons below the fifth section of the female line are removed. The varieties of one-section multi-melon should be thinned and fruited according to the growth conditions of the plants. Destroying the yellow and old leaves at the bottom in time can save nutrients and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions.
(3) Harvesting: Root melons should be harvested as early as possible to avoid falling seedlings. Waist gourd and back gourd grow fast and can be harvested in 4 to 12 days after flowering.
(4) Prevention and control of pests and diseases: implement the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", and use the combination of agricultural control, physical control, chemical control and ecological control to eliminate the root causes of pests and prevent their spread. The common diseases of cucumber are downy mildew, powdery mildew, fusarium wilt, gray mold, blight and so on. The prevention method is to use a broad-spectrum fungicide to spray once every 7 to 10 days in the period when the disease is prone to occur, and spray 3 times continuously. If the disease has already occurred, it can be sprayed with DuPont Kelu, Metalaxyl, Ethyl Phosphate, and Antivirus Alum for 3 to 4 times in a row. Common pests are aphids, cabbage caterpillars, greenhouse whitefly, etc. The control should be based on agricultural control and physical control, supplemented by pesticides, such as insecticides such as zasaoli and kung fu.
(5) Management of light, temperature, etc. for cultivation in protected areas: Cultivation in protected areas should make full use of solar energy. Specific measures include: selecting a drip-free shed film with high light transmittance, and cleaning the shed film frequently to increase the light intensity; selection of building materials Rigid material, reduce the brackets in the shed to reduce shading; hang a reflective screen (aluminized film) at the back of the greenhouse to use reflected light; if the grass is covered, it should be removed as early as possible without lowering the indoor temperature. Temperature management includes measures such as heat preservation, heating and cooling. It is best to adopt the management method of "four-stage temperature change", that is, the temperature in the morning is controlled at 28~30 °C during the day, so as to facilitate the full progress of photosynthesis; in the afternoon, the photosynthetic capacity is reduced, and the temperature is controlled at 20~25℃; the temperature in the first half of the night is 20℃, which is conducive to the transfer of photosynthetic products to the fruit; in the second half of the night, a lower temperature of 10~15℃ is given to reduce respiratory consumption. The amount of watering should be carried out according to the actual situation, avoid flooding, and do not water in rainy days, so as not to increase the humidity in the protected area, reduce the ground temperature, and cause the occurrence of diseases. Through proper ventilation, the temperature and humidity in the protected area are adjusted, harmful gases are removed, and the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased. Where conditions permit, carbon dioxide fertilization can be carried out to increase yields.
(Note: This article is reproduced for reference only)