In order to grow melons well, you should first understand the suitable environmental conditions for melons to grow.
1. Temperature, the most suitable temperature for the whole growth period of melon is 25°C and 35°C, the growth is stagnant at 13°C, and chilling damage will occur when it is lower than 7°C. Between 15°C and 20°C, such a temperature is conducive to the accumulation of sugar and produces high-quality, high-yield melons.
2. Moisture: Melon is a drought-tolerant crop, but it has very strict water requirements. A small amount of water is required in the early stage of growth. Too wet soil will seriously affect the growth of the plant. Delaying the growth and development will not achieve the purpose of early maturity, and a lot of water is required from the opening of the female flower to the expansion of the fruit. In the 7 days before the fruit matures, irrigation is generally not required. The principle is that it should be dry and not wet, in order to produce high-quality melons with large fruit, sweet taste and beautiful color.
3. The absorption ratio of melon to fertilizer: N, P, K is about 30:15:55. In addition to a large amount of N, P, K elements, melon also needs a moderate amount of calcium, magnesium and a certain amount of trace elements, so after the application of base fertilizer and top dressing, the plants should be sprayed with some foliar fertilizers containing trace elements. , is conducive to the robust growth of plants, to achieve high yield and disease resistance.
1. Sowing and raising seedlings: During the cultivation and colonization period, it is advisable to keep the ground temperature of 10 cm above 12 °C, and the seedling age is generally 28 to 40 days. According to the local suitable planting period, one month ahead is the appropriate sowing period. Seedlings are sown 35 days before the local final frost. Cold shed cultivation in Jilin Province is generally sown in early March. The thin-skinned muskmelon in the Liaoning greenhouse and warm shed is sown before and after the Spring Festival, and the thin-skinned muskmelon in the cold shed is sown from mid-February to late February, and the seedling age is 40 days. Thin-skin melons are sown around New Year's Day in greenhouses and greenhouses in Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei. Cold shed thin-skinned seedlings are sown in early and mid-February, sowing is too early, the melons are small, and the yield is low. Nutritious pots are used to raise seedlings, and the nutrient soil is prepared with 6 parts of fertile field soil that has not been planted with melon crops, and 4 parts of decomposed and sieved livestock manure. Add 0.5 kilograms of diammonium phosphate and 0.5 kilograms of potassium sulfate to each cubic meter of manure, then add pesticides to prevent and control soil-borne diseases, dissolve chemical fertilizers and pesticides in water, spray them into the nutrient soil, and mix the soil while spraying. Before sowing, soak the melon seeds in the sun for 1-2 days to improve the vitality of the seeds and promote fast and neat emergence. After the seeds are sun-dried, soak the seeds in water at 55°C-60°C for 10-15 minutes, and keep stirring the water to 30°C. , and then soak for 6-8 hours. Or sterilize the melon seeds with 0.1% potassium permanganate for 20 minutes or soak the seeds in 50% carbendazim 500 times for 15 minutes, rinse the pesticides, soak them for 8 hours, remove the seeds, drain the water on the surface of the seeds, and use a clean damp gauze Or wrap it in a towel, put a plastic bag on the outside, and place it in a place of 25°C to 30°C for germination. Germination usually takes 20 hours. Sow 1 germinated seed in each nutrient bowl, lay it flat in the bowl, cover with soil 1 cm, and water it thoroughly. If no fungicide such as carbendazim or dixon is added to the bed soil, use 95% oxamixil (Lvheng No. 1) mixed with 3000 times of water to spray evenly in the seedbed before sowing or after sowing to prevent blight and other seedling diseases. . Then cover with mulch. Immediately remove the plastic film when the seeds are arched to prevent the temperature in the shed from being too high at noon to roast the seedlings.
2. Seedbed management:
From sowing to before emergence, high temperature management promotes emergence. 30℃～35℃ during the day and above 20℃ at night. From the emergence of the seedling to the flattening of the leaves, it is the period when the hypocotyl of the seedling grows the fastest and is most prone to leggy growth. The temperature should be lowered, generally 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ during the day, and 12 ℃ ~ 13 ℃ at night. After the cotyledons are flattened and the true leaves appear, the seedlings are not easy to grow leggy, and the room temperature can be raised again to 25°C during the day and about 15°C at night. Pay attention to control the temperature of the seedbed not to be too high, and maintain an appropriate temperature difference between day and night to facilitate the differentiation of flower buds, ensure that the seed vines will have enough female flowers, and the melon will be born early. If the temperature of the seedbed is too high, especially at night, it will delay the differentiation of flower buds, resulting in the phenomenon that the vines have no female flowers. In case of low temperature and rainy weather during the seedling stage, the seedbed should be sprayed with fungicides such as oxamyl or Silox to prevent and control the root rot of blight. Planting can be done when three true leaves are unfolded. One week before planting, increase the amount of air, strengthen seedlings, and try not to water. When mulching is used to raise seedlings in small and medium-sized sheds, it is best to open the seedling shed molds three days before planting. Do not let the seedbed rain, so that the melon seedlings can adapt to the environment after planting and slow the seedlings. For three days after planting, avoid strong winds above level 5.
3. Marriage:
The use of white-seed pumpkin with high resistance to fusarium wilt and thin-skin melon grafting has great advantages in its affinity and symbiosis, effectively eradicating the occurrence of fusarium wilt. Early maturation increases yield, strong disease resistance, and reduces the amount of pesticides, which is about 20% of the seedlings. The grafted seedlings have developed roots, vigorous plant growth, high fruit setting rate, and yield about 30% higher than that of seedlings. Compared with seedlings, they can tolerate low temperature of 3-5 degrees. In actual production, farmers have found out that the effect of grafting melon is better. Generally, Jintian No. 2 and Melon Prince No. 2 with strong resistance and strong growth are used as rootstocks, which are easy to operate and have guaranteed quality. Scion with disease-resistant hybrid thin-skin melon, first sow scion melon, 5-7 days after sowing pumpkin rootstock or melon rootstock. Regardless of scion or rootstock, it is best to use a seedling box with a length of 60 cm and a width of 40 cm as a seeding tool, which is easy to move and manage. When the scion grows to 2 true leaves, and 3 true leaves are just exposed, it will take about 10 days; when the rootstock grows to 2 cotyledons and the true leaves are just exposed, about 5-7 days is the suitable period for grafting. Other operating procedures are the same as those of cantaloupe or watermelon grafting.
4. Fertilization:
Choose sandy loam land that has not been planted with melon crops for 3 to 5 years and is suitable for melon cultivation, and apply fertilizer according to local fertility conditions. Generally, 1,000 square meters of open-field plastic film cultivation in the three northeastern provinces is applied with decomposed manure (chicken manure and sheep manure are the best) 3000 kg, 25-35 kg of diammonium phosphate, 25 kg of potassium sulfate, or 50-80 kg of potassium sulfate ternary compound fertilizer. Applying 150 kg of rotten bean cake, sunflower cake, hemp seed cake and other cake fertilizers to 1000 square meters, or 40 to 50 kg of cooked soybeans or 40 to 50 kg of hemp seeds can increase the disease resistance of melons, mature early, and improve quality and appearance. special effects. The manure must be decomposed at high temperature, otherwise it is easy to induce diseases and insect pests such as fusarium wilt, blight, blight, and leaf miner. Organic fertilizers, soybeans and hemp seeds should be sprayed with phoxim and carbendazim to kill germs and eggs to prevent pests and diseases. If there is no farmyard manure or continuous cultivation, special EM bacterial fertilizers and Israel-made Prolifer potassium fertilizers and micro-fertilizers should be actively applied. Hebei Province protected land cultivation, apply decomposed circle fertilizer 6-8 cubic meters per acre of 50 kg of diammonium phosphate, 50 kg of potassium sulfate, and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate. In Liaoning Province, 5,000 kilograms of high-quality farmyard manure, 20 kilograms of diammonium phosphate and 25 kilograms of potassium nitrate are applied per mu of protected cultivation.
5. Planting:
It is cultivated in protected areas in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei and Shandong Provinces. The general border spacing is 120 cm, and each border contains two rows, the small row spacing is 50 cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm. Greenhouse cultivation in Liaoning Province has a border spacing of 100 cm, with two rows per border, a plant spacing of 25-40 cm, and a small row spacing of about 40 cm. 15 to 20 days before planting in the protected area, prepare the ground and buckle the shed, bake the ground to increase the ground temperature, and set up a small arch shed after the planting to promote the slowing of seedlings. Plastic film cultivation in North China generally has a row spacing of 0.8-1.0 meters, a plant spacing of 20-30 cm, and a density of 2000-3000 plants per mu. Plastic film cultivation in Northeast China, 65 cm wide ridge, planting two ridges with an empty ridge or no empty ridge, with a plant spacing of 40-50 cm, most of them are planted in deep pits under the film, and in high temperature weather, the film is dazzling and ventilated to prevent high temperature burning of seedlings. After the low temperature weather, put the melon seedlings outside the film, and seal the film with soil. Pay attention to the weather forecast after planting, and build a small arched shed if necessary to prevent cold damage.
6. Temperature management:
The protected area is cultivated and planted to slow seedlings, mainly to increase the indoor temperature, 27-30 °C during the day and not lower than 20 °C at night; ventilation and cooling after slowing the seedlings, 25-30 °C during the day and 12-18 °C at night. Before the fruiting, the temperature should be kept at 28℃～30℃ during the day, no more than 36℃ and no wind, and the night temperature should not be lower than 17℃～18℃. After the melons are harvested, they still maintain a relatively high temperature. The temperature is 25℃～32℃ during the day, 15℃～18℃ at night, and the minimum temperature at night is not lower than 10℃. If the night temperature is too low, the melon will not grow well, but the temperature should not be too high. Ventilate early to maintain the temperature difference between day and night. When using small arched sheds, special attention should be paid to the control of the temperature in the shed. The temperature in the shed should not exceed 30 °C. During the result period, if there is continuous high temperature weather, it is best to open the shed formwork, but after the high temperature weather, it should be replaced by rain or low temperature. The shed is covered.
Seven, pruning:
During the growth process of melon, it is necessary to prune the vine and top it, in order to balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and promote fruiting and high yield and high quality. But it is both effective and labor-saving. The method of pruning and the number of remaining fruits should be determined according to the habit of the variety, the characteristics of each region, and the cultivation habits. The operation should be carried out on a sunny day, not after irrigation, because the plant absorbs a lot of water after irrigation on a cloudy day, and a large amount of body fluid is secreted from the wound after plucking. Therefore, pruning should be combined with spraying agricultural streptomycin and other pesticides to prevent wound infection. The principle of pruning and topping is to be tight before and loose at the back. Strictly and timely prune before setting melons. After fruit setting, on the premise that mutual shading is not formed, a certain number of lateral branches (vines) can be allowed to increase the area of photosynthetic leaves. It is not advisable to start topping too early. After centering, there should be about four true leaves. The roots are deep and the leaves can be deep.
(1) Cultivated in the open field mainly for the fruit of the vines: the melon seedlings have 4 true leaves and 1 heart, and four leaves are left for topping, and then 3 vines are selected and 5 leaves are left for picking the tips. Let it grow.
(2) Cultivated in the open field with sun vines as the main fruit: leave 4 true leaves for topping, select 4 vines and leave 5-6 leaves for picking tips, sun vines produce melons, and leave 2-3 leaves in front of the melons to pinch tips , Appropriately remove the vines that are not sitting. Generally, the cultivation density of Sun Man fruit varieties should be sparse. In fact, Sun Man fruit varieties have the advantages of high yield, high sugar content and neat size.
(3) For the extensive cultivation of some varieties with strong seed vines and stable growth in the open field in the north, it is only necessary to leave four true leaves on the main vine for topping.
(4) Cultivation of hanging vines in protected grounds: row spacing 100 cm, plant spacing 25 cm, single vine pruning, when the main vine grows 6 to 7 leaves, each plant is fixed on the upper wire with a rope, and the bottom is tied 10 cm long Insert the wooden stick into the ground, pull the rope tight, and wrap the vine around the rope (same as the greenhouse cucumber hanging vine). First, pick off the sub-vines attached to the 1-3 nodes of the main vine. The sub-vines attached to the 4-8 nodes of the main vine are used as the fruiting branches. Leave 2 leaves and pick the tips as soon as possible. 3 to 4 fruits. The remaining sub-mantles of the main mantle should be erased as soon as possible. When the main vine is about 21-25 knots (it needs to be adjusted according to the height of the shed and the variety), when it reaches the top of the shed, it will be pointed, and 3 to 4 sub-vines will be left on the top of the main vine as the secondary fruiting branches, and 2 leaves will also be left to pick the tips and 2 fruits. ~3. Each plant has two crops up and down, with a total of 6 to 7 melons. This method has high cultivation density and high yield.
(5) Climbing cultivation in protected areas: the main vine of the melon seedlings leaves 3-4 leaves for topping, 3 seed vines are left for 3-leaf topping, and sun vines are 3-section topping, and each melon retains 8 functional leaves. 10 days before the first crop of melons are picked, pollinate and top the hearts of the melons, and leave the second crop of melons.
Eight, top dressing and watering:
The protected area is cultivated and planted in the cold winter, so it is not advisable to water more or more. After planting the slow seedlings, water the slow seedlings depending on the soil moisture and growth. Mostly 5 to 7 days after planting, choose a sunny day to pour slow seedling water. Melons are more drought-resistant than vegetables such as cucumbers, and watering should not be too frequent. Before sitting melons, there should be no drought, no watering, and no topdressing, especially during the flowering period. Water in a timely manner after sitting melons, keep the ground moist, and never use drought to prevent disease and control seedlings. When the young melon grows to the size of an egg, water melon water, and when the second crop of melon is formed, water melon water. Every time the watering is poured along the furrows between the furrows to slowly penetrate into the furrows. Fertilize twice (one time in Northeast China), when the second water is poured and when the second crop of melons is formed. 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium nitrate were applied per mu each time. Spray foliar fertilizer every 7 days. Spray the flower essence during the flowering period, and spray Israel Potassium, Baolifeng and Nongyou sweet fruit essence foliar fertilizer during the fruit expansion period. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can increase the yield and improve the quality. CO2 granulated fertilizer was used for greenhouse cultivation. In Northeast China, plastic film cultivation is generally not watered. In areas where conditions permit, water can be applied once during the fruit expansion period. If water is not watered, the fruit will continue to be dry during the ripening period, the peel will change color slowly, and the ripening will be delayed. During the fruit expansion period, spray with Plant Power 2003 or 70 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, add 15 kg of water, 50 grams of urea and 2 ml of spray treasure or foliar treasure. The growth of melon can also enhance the melon's resistance to stress and improve its quality. The foliar fertilizers produced by Israel's Baolifeng and Nongyou Company's sweet fruit essence are also very effective. Mix with foliar fertilizer when spraying pesticides.
Nine, fruit preservation measures:
Cantaloupe is a cross-pollinated crop, without parthenogenesis, and without insect pollination, it cannot produce melons. Therefore, cultivation in protected areas must use artificial and indoor bee placement methods to complete pollination or use hormones. In recent years, the early cultivation of muskmelon with plastic film, and the low temperature and low insect activity in small shed cultivation often affect the main vine sitting on the melon. Cultivation in protected areas or early cultivation with plastic film, in order to increase the rate of melon setting in the early stage of the seed vine, the following three methods can be taken to improve the rate of melon setting: First, artificial pollination is carried out when the female flowers bloom. Open male flowers, remove the male flower petals (corolla) to expose the stamens, and touch the stigma of the female flower a few times. When operating, the action should be light to prevent the stigma from being bruised. You can also use the brush tip to touch the male flower, and then touch the The pollen is received on the stigma of the female style. The second is to spray flowers with 1 tablet of Shanghai-produced Seguerin mixed with 1.5 to 2.5 kg of water, or spray flowers with 40 ml/kg to 50 ml/kg of anti-falling element (tomato spirit) 1 day before or on the same day as the female flowers bloom, and use a small The sprayer sprays the female flowers (including the flower stalks) in a directional spray. Note that the flowers should be sprayed on the same day or the next day when the female flowers open, not to the stems and leaves, and not to be re-sprayed. When the temperature is low, add less water, and when the temperature is high, add more water. The concentration can be lower first, and then increase the concentration if you can’t sit still, but it should not be too high, so as to prevent deformed melons from being too high when the shed temperature or the temperature is high. The concentration of anti-falling element used in large fruit-type varieties is higher than that used in tomatoes and small-fruit-type melon varieties, otherwise the effect will not be good. Note: The active ingredient of Zhengzhou Zanguoling, Sichuan High-efficiency Zangualing, Qiang Zangualing, and Fruit Expansion Supplement is clofenuron (pyridoxuron), which is mostly used on the intermediate type of thick-skinned melons, and used on thin-skinned melons. , It is particularly sensitive to temperature, and the concentration is not easy to control. When the temperature is high and the concentration is high, it is easy to produce bitter melon, and the fruit will be too large, deformed and lengthened, and will affect the absorption of calcium in the melon, resulting in necrotic spots in the melon pulp. It is cultivated in small sheds in Changchun area. When there are 4 female flowers in bloom, use 1 high-efficiency zucchini from Sichuan to 4 kg of water. After 3 pm, spray the melon embryo and plants. It can only be sprayed once, not only 1~ 2 catties of water spray the melon body or the stalk, otherwise the melon will be bitter.
10. Disease control:
The main diseases of melon are melon fusarium wilt, root rot, vine blight and other root and vine diseases and leaf blight, bacterial leaf spot, bacterial angular spot, spot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, blight, anthracnose Disease, fruit rot. After years of experiments, our company has summed up a new set of disease prevention methods: before or after sowing, 95% oxamidil mixed with water 3000 times is evenly sprayed in the seedbed to prevent blight and other seedling diseases. In the seedling stage, in case of low temperature and rainy weather, the seedbed should be sprayed with oxamyl to prevent and control blight.
①The root diseases of melons are mostly caused by the infection of soil-borne pathogens, including fungi and some
Bacteria, as well as root knot nematodes, etc., the root diseases that occur during the growth period of melon are mainly fusarium wilt and root rot. Once they occur, it is difficult to cure. The appearance symptoms are that the plant stems and leaves are normal, there is no pathogen infection, and the leaves gradually lose green. , dehydration, wilting, withering and death. When there are individual similar plants in the field, they should be pulled up as soon as possible, and at the same time, the roots should be irrigated with chemicals to cut off the expansion of the pathogen. Graft with special pumpkin rootstocks in the old melon areas with continuous cultivation or easy-to-dead seedlings, or use 4000 times liquid of Yanbian 95% hymexanol (Lvxiang No. 1) or 1500 times liquid of Shileshi to irrigate roots or Spray irrigation roots to prevent fusarium wilt, root rot. Spray Shigao 1500 times liquid to prevent and cure vine blight. In some areas, root knot nematodes will also occur in continuous cultivation. This disease occurs in the roots, and white nodules are formed on the roots of melons, which are connected to each other into beads, resulting in fewer melons and dead seedlings. This is also some varieties that are resistant to fusarium wilt. One of the reasons for the dead seedlings can be controlled by applying insecticides such as kexianphos granules to control nematodes during planting.
②In case of low temperature and rainy weather from the creeping period to the fruiting period, 200 times liquid potassium treasure or 0.2% urea plus 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1000 times liquid plant power 2003 should be sprayed or Baolifeng, fish protein and other supplementary nutrients should be sprayed. Japanese-produced Garrinone prevents bacterial leaf spot, black scab, fruit rot, and angular spot.
③ During the period from fruit setting to fruit maturity, when there is continuous rain or fog after rain, small yellow spots appear on the leaves of the melon, and within a few days, the spots expand into large black and gray spots, and a large number of leaves die within a week, and the sweet potato balls lose their goods. value. Mainly downy mildew or sometimes complicated by bacterial leaf spot, bacterial angular spot, bacterial fruit rot, blight, anthracnose, leaf blight. After several years of production practice, it has been proved that Amicida, Dimethomorph, and Tribei are the most advanced fungicides in the world today. They have ideal control effects on various types of fungal diseases of melon, with broad-spectrum sterilization, more thorough disease eradication, and long lasting effect. No residue, it is an essential medicine for preventing and controlling leaf diseases of melon in open field. Tribei is also the best medicine for the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew. Dosage: 10ml of 25% Amicida suspending agent mixed with a pot of water (15kg), that is, 50ml per mu or 2000 times the foliar spray, 50% Tribulus dry suspension 5g mixed with 15kg of water, that is, 20g per mu, mixed with 120 kg For spraying water on the leaves, the two kinds of drugs can be used alternately with other related drugs, and pay attention to the number of drugs. It should not exceed 4 times per unit area, and each time is about 10 days apart. It can also be used to prevent diseases with green milk copper (copper rosinate), Master Tong, Garinong, and Dasheng in the early stage of melon growth, and after the disease occurs in the later stage, use Amicida, Tribei, Leading, Myclobutanil, Xiansheng, Puli To prevent disease, it is necessary to apply medicine in time after rain and in sunny days. For powdery mildew in high temperature and dry weather, use Tribei, Myclobutanil, Wuyimycin (BO-10) or Dubang Fuxing to prevent the disease. In recent years, the southern melon virus has gradually aggravated the damage. Seeds are poisoned, aphids are spread, and leaves are rubbed against each other. Actai 8000 times liquid can be used to control aphids and remove diseased seedlings. Spray 20% virus A400-500 times liquid or 100 times liquid of NS-83 resistance enhancer for 2 times to prevent virus disease.
④Use imidacloprid, Aktai, Aweichongqing, and EC to control melons; use Aweichongqing and Aweichongqing to control whitefly; use Aweichongqing and Yitaibao to control leaf miner.
11. Harvest:
Harvest ripe melons as much as possible, not raw melons. It should be determined by the color, pattern, groove and smell of the melon. When harvesting, it should be cut off with a stalk and a piece of vine, handled with care, labeled with a trademark, and packaged for sale.
(Note: This article is reproduced for reference only)